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Springs
Springs are elastic objects used to store mechanical energy and they change shape in response to external forces, returning to their original shapes when the forces are removed.
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Torque testing standards
A range of recognised standards define the correct procedures for reverse ratchet torque testing, ensuring consistent and reliable results.
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Step-by-step needle penetration testing process
Sample preparation
Specimens are cut to the required dimensions and conditioned to the specified environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity. Thickness and surface finish are controlled for consistency.
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Secant modulus compared to other moduli
Different moduli are used to describe the stiffness of materials, each calculated at different points on the stress-strain curve:
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Applications in industry
Engineering and manufacturing uses
Tangent modulus testing supports design validation and process control in sectors where materials operate near or beyond the elastic range, for example:
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Applications across sectors
Texture testing in food manufacturing
Bread softness for freshness control, snack crispness for quality assurance, firmness in
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Introduction to the ring crush test
The ring crush test (RCT) is a key method for determining the edgewise compression strength of paper and paperboard.
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Types of flexure tests
Different flexure testing setups are chosen based on the nature of the material, the required precision, and the industry standards being followed.
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What is fastening torque
Fastening torque refers to the rotational force applied to tighten a fastener, typically measured in Newton-metres (N·m) or pound-force inches (lbf·in). The correct torque value ensures adequate clamping without overstressing components.
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Types of compressive shear tests
Test configurations vary according to the material, application, and relevant industry standard.
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Relevant textile test standards
The strip method is defined in several national and international standards, each tailored to specific fabric types and performance requirements:
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Introduction to friction in material science
Friction is a critical factor in how materials behave under movement. It is the resistive force that occurs when two surfaces are in contact and attempt to slide against each other.
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Standards and compliance
International standards ensure penetration and puncture testing is performed consistently for reliable and comparable results.
Key examples include:
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Step-by-step test methodology
Preparation
Sample selection - Choose representative specimens, avoiding faults unless deliberately testing them.
Specimen cutting - Cut to standard dimensions with a central slit of specified
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Interpreting breakaway test results
Understanding test outputs is as crucial as conducting the tests themselves.
Slip torque vs bridge torque
Slip torque reflects the resistance encountered before rotation begins—a measure of seal integrity and usability.
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Standards and compliance
ASTM D2063 defines methods for determining application and r
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Understanding ASTM D2718 standards
The ASTM D2718 standard sets out the procedures for conducting planar shear tests on structural panels using the
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Understanding reverse ratchet torque
Reverse ratchet torque testing is an essential process for verifying the safety and reliability of child-resistant closures (CRCs).
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Introduction to flexural testing
Flexural testing is a core method in materials science, used to evaluate how materials perform when subjected to bending stresses.
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How running torque is measured
Running torque is typically measured using precision torque sensors mounted within a controlled test stand. The component under test is rotated at a defined speed, and torque is measured continuously during motion.
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How peel wheel tests are conducted
Specimen preparation – The bonded material is cut to defined dimensions, ensuring uniformity of size and adhesive application.
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Understanding cone penetration testing
Cone penetration testing is a precision method used to determine a material's resistance to penetration by a standardised cone-shaped probe under specific force conditions.
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Understanding tear strength and its importance
Tear strength measures the force a material can withstand before a tear propagates. It covers both the initial rupture and the resistance to further tearing once damage has started.
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The concentric ring method
The most widely used approach to equibiaxial flexure compression testing is the concentric ring method. A circular specimen is supported on an outer ring and loaded through a smaller, concentric inner ring.
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Standards and protocols
Notable standards and specifications
Several international standards define single lap shear testing methods: