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Calculating secant modulus
Accurate calculation requires stress-strain data, typically obtained from tensile, compressive, or
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Key puncture resistance testing methods
Different materials and applications require different puncture testing methods. The two most common categories are high-force puncture testing and slow puncture testing.
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Brushes
Brushes use synthetic or natural filaments to create bristles which are typically clamped to a handle via a ferrule.
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How the strip method works
The strip method involves cutting a specimen to a precise width, typically 50 mm or 25 mm depending on the applicable standard, and mounting it in the grips of a tensile testing
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Applications across industries
Friction testing plays a vital role in multiple sectors:
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Introduction to breaking torque tests
Breaking torque testing, also known as torque-to-failure is a critical mechanical test used to determine the point at which a component or assembly fails under rotational force.
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Introduction to tensile testing
Tensile testing is one of the most widely used methods in material science for determining the mechanical properties of materials under uniaxial tension.
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Applications across industries
Tensile strength testing is essential in product development, quality control, and certification across multiple sectors:
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Introduction to T-peel testing
T-peel testing is a specialised method for determining the adhesive bond strength between two flexible materials joined together.
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How is 180 degree peel testing performed
The test is carried out on a universal testing machine fitted with a suitable peel fixture.
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Anchorage strength testing
Definition and purpose
Anchorage strength testing evaluates how securely a component is fixed into place, whether crimped, inserted, bonde
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Grab method vs strip method
Compared with the strip method (as defined by ISO 13934-1), which grips the full width of the fabric, the grab method
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Interpreting trapezoidal tear test results
Test results typically report peak tear force in newtons, and sometimes the average force during propagation. Engineers use this data to:
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Comparing compressive and tensile modulus
While compressive modulus measures stiffness under compression, tensile modulus measures stiffness under tension.
Key differences:
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Interpreting ECT results
Factors influencing results
Flute type and size - A-flute, B-flute, C-flute, or combinations such as double-wall can affect edgewise strength.
Material quality - Fibre composition, paper grade
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Key applications of pull-off and pull-out testing
The versatility of these tests means they are used across a broad range of products and industries.
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Types of peel tests
90° peel test
This method is used for flexible-to-rigid bonds, where the flexible layer is peeled away at a right angle to the substrate. It is common for:
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Introduction to peel wheel testing
The peel wheel test is a specialised adhesion test method used to measure the strength of adhesive bonds in flexible materials such as plastics, films, and laminates.
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Introduction to compression testing
Compression testing is a core mechanical test method used to evaluate how materials and products behave when subjected to a compressive load.
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What is cantilever bend testing?
Definition and purpose
Cantilever bend testing assesses a component’s flexural response by applying a controlled force at a set distance from a fixed end.
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What is the grab method?
The grab method is a tensile testing technique where only the centre of a fabric specimen is gripped during testing — typically using 100 mm × 150 mm test specimens with a 50 mm wide clamp
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Introduction to tensile strength
Tensile strength is a fundamental mechanical property that defines a material’s ability to resist forces that attempt to pull it apart. It represents the maximum tensile stress a material can withstand before failure.
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Interpreting test results
Peel strength is typically reported in newtons per metre (N/m) or per 25 mm of bond width (N/25mm), depending on the industry standard. From the force-displacement graph, the following characteristics are analysed:
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How is the trapezoidal tear test performed?
A standard trapezoidal tear test follows a consistent sequence:
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What is top-load testing?
Top-load testing, also known as column crush testing, is a method used to evaluate the ability of a packaging component to withstand a vertical compressive force without deforming or failing.